over a period. Formula: Prevalence = (Number of existing cases / Total population) × 1000 (or appropriate unit). Incidence: The number of new cases that develop in a population during a specified period. Types: Incidence proportion (cumulative incidenc
ating prevention efforts, whereas prevalence helps assess the overall burden on healthcare systems. Risk Ratios and Odds Ratios These comparative measures help quantify the strength of association between exposure and disease. Fr
ce for students, researchers, and public health professionals seeking a comprehensive introduction to the study of disease patterns and health determinants. Robert Friis, a respected figure in public health education, presents epidemiology in a clear, system
